Low Well Water Pressure? A Complete Troubleshooting & Repair Guide

Experiencing low water pressure from a well can disrupt daily activities and indicate underlying system issues. Several factors, ranging from the water source itself to the delivery system and treatment equipment, can contribute to this problem.

This article will provide a comprehensive guide to the common causes of low well water pressure. Furthermore, this guide will offer detailed troubleshooting steps to help homeowners diagnose and address the issues efficiently.

Common Causes of Low Well Water Pressure

Low well water pressure can stem from a variety of issues, which can generally be categorized into problems with the water source, the delivery system, or water treatment equipment.

A. Issues with the Water Source

The first place to investigate when experiencing low water pressure is the well itself. Several factors related to the well’s condition or water availability can cause pressure problems.

• Low Well Water Flow: The well’s ability to replenish water can fluctuate. Seasonal variations, such as prolonged dry periods, can reduce the water table and consequently, the well’s flow rate. Additionally, a well’s depth can be a factor; shallower wells are more susceptible to changes in the water table. Overuse, particularly when water demand is high, can also deplete the well faster than it can replenish, leading to reduced pressure.
• Clogged Well Screens or Damage: Well screens are designed to filter out sediment and debris from entering the well. If these screens become clogged with mineral deposits or sediment, water flow into the well can be restricted. Physical damage to the well casing or components can also impede water intake and cause low pressure.

B. Problems with the Water Delivery System

If the water source itself is not the issue, problems within the system that delivers the water from the well to your home may be the cause.

Plumbing Issues

The plumbing system can suffer from a variety of issues that affect water pressure.

• Clogged Pipes: Over time, mineral buildup, sediment, or corrosion can accumulate inside pipes. This reduces the diameter of the pipes, restricting water flow and lowering pressure. Galvanized steel pipes are especially prone to this, as they tend to corrode internally.
• Clogged Faucets, Showerheads, and Aerators: The fixtures themselves can become clogged with sediment or mineral deposits. Aerators, in particular, tend to trap debris and can significantly reduce flow if not cleaned regularly.
• Corroded or Damaged Pipes, Stuck Valves: Corroded pipes can leak and cause pressure loss. Damaged or crushed pipes, or valves that have become stuck or are not fully open can also restrict water flow, leading to lower pressure at your fixtures.

Well Pump Problems

The well pump is responsible for drawing water from the well and delivering it to your plumbing system. Issues here can lead to significant pressure problems.

• Aging, Weak, or Faulty Pump: Over time, well pumps can degrade and lose efficiency. An aging pump may not be able to produce the required pressure, and a faulty pump might not operate at all.
• Pump Not Reaching the Correct Cut-Off Pressure: The pressure switch is designed to shut off the pump once a set pressure is reached. If the pump cannot reach the appropriate cut-off pressure, the system cannot reach the correct pressure for adequate water flow.

Pressure Tank Issues

The pressure tank is designed to maintain water pressure in the system and reduce wear on the pump.

• Bladder Failure, Air Pressure Issues, Incorrect Tank Size: The bladder within the pressure tank helps maintain pressure. A ruptured bladder can result in fluctuating pressure and pump cycling issues. Also, the air pressure within the tank must be set to a specific level; incorrect pressure can affect performance. Additionally, an undersized tank will cause the pump to cycle too frequently, leading to pressure issues and premature pump failure.

Pressure Switch Issues

The pressure switch monitors the water pressure in the system and controls the well pump.

• Malfunctioning Switch, Incorrect Pressure Settings, Faulty Wiring: A malfunctioning pressure switch will cause the pump to operate incorrectly. Incorrect pressure settings can cause either too little or too much pressure, and faulty wiring can interrupt communication with the pump, resulting in a complete loss of pressure.

C. Water Treatment Equipment Issues

Water treatment systems, while designed to improve water quality, can sometimes lead to low pressure if they are not properly maintained.

• Clogged Filters, Malfunctioning Softeners, or Other Treatment Devices: Filters used in water treatment systems can become clogged with sediment or minerals, reducing flow rates and pressure. Malfunctioning water softeners or other treatment devices may also restrict the flow or cause other problems.

Fixing Low Water Pressure

Addressing low water pressure issues requires a systematic approach, addressing potential causes one by one.

Step 1: Initial Assessment

Before making any changes, it’s important to conduct a thorough initial assessment.

1. Check Water Pressure at Multiple Fixtures: This can help determine if the issue is isolated to one location or affects the entire house. Compare the pressure at the faucet closest to the pressure tank and the one furthest from it.
2. Inspect for Obvious Issues: Look for any signs of leaks, damaged pipes, or dripping faucets.
3. Note Any Recent Changes: Consider any recent events, such as plumbing work or changes in water usage, that may have triggered the pressure drop.
4. Check Pressure Gauge: Check the pressure gauge for pressure fluctuations, as well as the cut in and cut out pressure.

Step 2: Addressing Water Source Issues

If issues with the water source are suspected:

1. Monitor Well Water Flow: Assess if water flow decreases during peak usage. If seasonal changes are the issue, the issue may resolve on its own.
2. Inspect Well Screen: If possible, inspect the well screen for signs of clogging or damage. This may require a well professional.
3. Consult a Professional: If well depth or damage is suspected, consult a well drilling professional.

Step 3: Addressing Plumbing Issues

If plumbing issues are suspected:

1. Check for Clogs: Remove faucet aerators and showerheads and clean them.
2. Inspect Pipes for Corrosion: Inspect for leaks, corrosion, and damaged pipes.
3. Flush the System: Consider flushing the system or using a descaling agent for mineral buildup.
4. Replace Old Pipes: If the pipes are old or significantly corroded, replace them.
5. Open Valves: Ensure all water supply valves are fully open.

Step 4: Addressing Well Pump Issues

If well pump issues are suspected:

1. Check the Pump Operation: Listen to the pump during operation. Is it running frequently or erratically?
2. Measure Pump Performance: Verify that the pump reaches the correct pressure cut-off point.
3. Consult a Professional: If pump is not performing correctly, consult with a well or pump professional.
4. Replace the Pump: If the pump is old or not working correctly, replacing it might be the only option.

Step 5: Addressing Pressure Tank Issues

If pressure tank issues are suspected:

1. Check Air Pressure in Tank: Use a tire pressure gauge to measure the air pressure in the tank.
2. Adjust Air Pressure: If the air pressure is too low or high, adjust it to the manufacturer’s specified setting.
3. Test Tank Integrity: Check for signs of bladder failure such as pressure fluctuation or water coming from air valve.
4. Replace Pressure Tank: If bladder failure is confirmed, the tank may need to be replaced.

Step 6: Addressing Pressure Switch Issues

If pressure switch issues are suspected:

1. Inspect for Wiring Issues: Check the wiring connected to the pressure switch for damage, corrosion or loose connections.
2. Test the Pressure Switch: Using a multi meter, verify if the pressure switch is working properly.
3. Replace the Pressure Switch: If faulty, replace the pressure switch with a new one set to the proper settings.

Step 7: Addressing Water Treatment Equipment Issues

If issues with water treatment are suspected:

1. Check and Replace Filters: Ensure filters are not clogged and replace them if needed.
2. Inspect Softener: Inspect the water softener for proper operation and settings. Consult the user manual if needed.
3. Test other Treatment Equipment Make sure the other equipment works correctly.
4. Consult a Professional: If issues persist, consult a water treatment specialist.